weschler intelligence scale backward digit span

High-resolution T1-weighted MPRAGE anatomical scans (TR = 2300 ms, TE = 2.98 ms, 1 × 1 × 1 mm voxels) were acquired for cortical morphometric analyses. MRI data were collected on a Siemens 3 T Trio system at the University of California Berkeley Brain Imaging Center. All participants and their parents gave their informed assent/consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Participants at the University of California, Berkeley. All participants were screened for neurological impairments, psychiatric illness, history of learning disability, and developmental delay.

In total, 61 of these participants were also included in prior research on sulcal depth (Voorhies et al. All participants were right-handed for additional demographic and socioeconomic information see Supplementary Table 1. The present study consisted of 72 typically developing participants between the ages of 6 and 18 (mean ± std age = 12.11 ± 3.77 years old, including 30 individuals identified by caregivers as female) that were randomly selected from the Neurodevelopment of Reasoning Ability (NORA) dataset (Wendelken et al. To do so, we investigated the relationship between the variability of the pimfs and relational reasoning scores in a sample of 72 children and adolescents aged 6–18. Here, we build on this observation by testing the targeted hypothesis that the presence or absence of specific components of the pimfs, and/or the prominence-quantified as the total sulcal surface area-of this sulcus was related to reasoning abilities. We observed pronounced variability in the number of components, and overall prominence, of one of the three sulci identified by the model (para-intermediate frontal sulcus, pimfs). 2021), we demonstrated that the depth of specific LPFC tertiary sulci was related to abstract reasoning ability or the ability to solve novel problems. However, it is presently unknown whether the presence or absence of tertiary sulci in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) impacts cognition in child development.įor example, in a recent study (Voorhies et al. 2020), and (ii) the absence of multiple sulci in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) affects the functional organization of the default mode network (Lopez-Persem et al. Additional recent work also shows that (i) sulci are missing in the orbitofrontal cortex in individuals with schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder (Nakamura et al. 2009), and frontotemporal dementia (Harper et al. 2003), obsessive–compulsive disorder (Shim et al. 2014), and in disorders such as schizophrenia (Yücel et al. 2018), inhibitory control in children (Cachia et al. For example, the variable presence of the paracingulate sulcus in the anterior cingulate cortex is related to performance on cognitive, motor, and affective tasks in young adults (Fornito et al. While the majority of sulci are identifiable across individuals, some tertiary sulci that emerge late in gestation are not (Chiavaras and Petrides 2000 Lopez-Persem et al. Of the many cortical features to study, one of the most prominent is the patterning of the indentations or sulci. This finding shows that the cortex lining the banks of sulci can support the development of complex cognitive abilities and highlights the importance of considering individual differences in local morphology when exploring the neurodevelopmental basis of cognition.Ī major interest in cognitive neuroscience is to understand how variability in brain structure relates to individual differences in complex cognition. Subsequent analyses revealed that the presence or absence of the ventral component of the pimfs was associated with reasoning, even when controlling for age. To this end, we identified the pimfs in a developmental cohort of 72 participants, ages 6–18. Here, we sought to characterize this variability and assess its behavioral significance. Recent findings show that the morphology of LPFC sulci predicts reasoning performance this work led to the observation of substantial individual variability in the morphology of one of these sulci, the para-intermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs). The relationship between structural variability in late-developing association cortices like the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the development of higher-order cognitive skills is not well understood.

Weschler intelligence scale backward digit span